In modern swine industry, piglet weaning occurring mostly between 3 to 4 weeks of age is the most critical event in pig life due to sudden social, environmental and dietary stresses. Besides, weaning-associated feed deprivation in piglets provokes disruptions of MPigut-IVM microbiota composition and functionality and could be implicated in the onset of post-weaning dysbiosis in piglets. The MPigut-IVM is able to simulate luminal and mucosal piglet microbiota and represent an innovative tool for comparative studies to investigate the impact of weaning stressors on piglet microbiota. On top of a strong increase in redox potential, the feed deprivation stress induced modifications of microbial metabolite production such as a decrease in acetate and an increase in proportional valerate, isovalerate and isobutyrate production. The lack of nutrients in the MPigut-IVM led to an increased abundance of Prevotellaceae and Escherichia-Shigella and a decrease in Bacteroidiaceae and confirms previous in vivo findings. The MPigut-IVM was consequently used to investigate the potential effects of feed deprivation, a common consequence of weaning in piglets, on the microbiota. Our results indicated that the MPigut-IVM is able to establish a representative piglet archaeal and bacterial colon microbiota in terms of taxonomic composition and function. In concordance with the ethical concerns raised by animal experiments, we developed a new in vitro model of the weaning piglet colon (MPigut-IVM) including a mucin bead compartment to reproduce the mucus surface from the gut to which gut microbes can adhere. Proteus Professional software is one of the best and most powerful programs for designing electrical circuits and simulating MicroProcessors or microprocessors and microcontrollers. PCB design (abbreviated as Printed Circuit Board) and schematic drawings are also among the capabilities of this proteus. This program consists of several modules and components, the main ones of which include the ISIS Schematic Capture section Schematic design and simulation of analog, logic and microcontroller circuits, PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simulation Simulation based on Spice models, ARES PCB Layout section The design of the printed circuit board is with or without schematic input (from the ISIS environment).Risk factors for the etiology of post-weaning diarrhea, a major problem in swine industry associated with enormous economic losses, remain to be fully elucidated.
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